Businesses & Entrepreneurs

Export Readiness Assessment Guide

Is my business export ready?  One of the first questions to consider is why Export? What are the benefits? Research shows companies that export are more profitable, more productive and more innovative than those that do not. Research has shown that businesses are 11% more likely to survive if they export. The reasons for this range from spreading export risk amongst different country markets, to increasing turnover and improving innovation by developing specific services for specific overseas markets. Increased Sales – If you are selling well in your own home market, and your service is in demand, exporting is a way to develop new additional sales in other countries. If your services are in demand at home, then there is likely to be significant demand in foreign markets. Higher profits result from increased sales – If you can cover fixed costs through domestic operations or other types of financing, your export profits can grow very quickly. Economies of scale – You can benefit from the cost savings when you produce and sell more services. The benefits from the economies of scale can be very advantageous. Global competitiveness – The experience your company gains internationally will help keep you competitive in both your home market and in the global marketplace. Domestic competitiveness – Successful exporting companies are often more resilient to potential foreign competition. Reduced risk – If you can sell into several different countries, you are spreading the risk. If you diversify into international markets, you avoid depending on a single marketplace and suffering from any domestic instability. New knowledge & experience leads to innovation – The global marketplace abounds with new ideas, approaches and marketing techniques that could also prove successful in your home market. Adaptations to your service for example leads to new innovations and new service development. Trading internationally not only helps with all of the above, in addition trading globally can boost your company’s profile, reputation and credibility.   Is my business export ready?  We live in an increasingly interconnected world, which means that businesses of all sizes might receive enquiries from buyers in other countries. An export-ready business is one that has the capacity, resources and management to deliver a marketable service on a global scale at a competitive price. To determine if your business is ready to export internationally you can do your own export readiness assessment.   Here is a check list of areas to consider Set clear and achievable export objectives. Develop an Export Plan. Understand your service USPs (unique selling points) in export markets. Formulate a realistic idea of what exporting entails and create a timetable for results. Understand what is required to succeed in the international marketplace. Confirm you have staff in place with the knowledge and skills to trade internationally or are willing to learn Is finance in place to help scale up for export? Undertake market research and decided on the best international target markets. These could be neighbour countries who are part of a trading bloc or developed countries with large populations and large purchasing power. Understand international marketing requirements. Research your competitors – both international competitors but also competitors based in the country which you want to export to. Considered any adaptations that may be required. Understand any cultural and language needs. Research your market entry strategy how, and to whom you will sell to in the export markets: Direct sales to a business or consumer / Intermediary representatives / licensing / foreign direct Investment through establishing a company in your target export market Understand destination country regulations, export and import documentation, customs requirements and procedures. You can also use export readiness assessment tools. A typical export readiness assessment will involve answering questions to determine a final score. This score is then used to help guide businesses through the necessary steps to become fully export ready. See the links for more information.   Links to Supporting Information The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service           Step-by-Step Guide to Exporting(tradecommissioner.gc.ca)   Official Website of the International Trade Administration USA   Exporter Assessments (trade.gov)   Government of Canada Export quiz  Are you ready? (international.gc.ca)   Caribbean Export Development Agency  10 Steps to Exporting | Caribbean Export (carib-export.com)   Kenya Export Promotion & Branding Agency  BrandKE – Guide to Exporting  

Where Can I Find Trade Resources and Get Started?

Where do I start?    An essential first step in the export process is ensuring your products are classified correctly.   Identifying your product’s Harmonized System (HS) code also helps to find the information most useful to your business needs as you look to trade. The Trade4MSME guide on How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code, provides detailed information on how to find the right classification.   Once you know your HS Code, the internet offers a variety of online tools, platforms, and interfaces that provide relevant trade information.   One of these online resources is the Global Trade Helpdesk (GTH)   The GTH is a multi-agency initiative that facilitates market research for companies, by integrating trade and business information into a single online portal. It builds on existing trade information services being offered by several international organizations, enabling businesses to access a wealth of global trade resources.    What types of information does the Global Trade Helpdesk offer?    The GTH allows businesses to explore markets, assess requirements, navigate procedures, and identify partners through its four modules:   The first module offers an insight into the target market attractiveness and a snapshot of this market performance and access conditions. The second module helps businesses to assess market access conditions, including tariffs, regulations, and private standards. The third module offers overall guidance on domestic procedures, including time and cost to export, step-by-step procedures, and information related to intellectual property rights. Finally, the fourth module provides relevant contact details for both potential buyers and trade support institutions.   Full details are at the GTH site.   What trade information tools are integrated into the GTH?    Trade Map: analyses global trade flows, export/import performance, international demand, alternative markets, and the role of competitors. Market Access Map: identifies customs tariffs, tariff rate quotas, trade remedies, regulatory requirements, and preferential regimes. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) TRAINS: provides data on non-tariff measures at the HS 6-digit product classification across more than 90 countries. Export Potential Map: highlights markets, products, and suppliers with export potential, as well as opportunities for diversification in international markets. Trade Information Portals: Ten countries have their trade information portals linked to the GTH. These portals visualize step-by-step guides to trade procedures. Trade Facilitation Database: analyses the implementation status of the World Trade Organization’s Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and provides information about trade procedures, enquiry points, customs brokers, and single windows. Sustainability Map: highlights business strengths and sustainability credentials to access new markets and preferential credits. ePing Alert notifies businesses about product requirements and facilitates dialogues on potential trade problems at earlier stages. Regional Network Hubs: Business social networks can help businesses reach regional and global clients, suppliers, and investors. For example: ConnectAmericas or Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) MSME Marketplace Rules of Origin Facilitator: enables businesses to find import duties in foreign markets appropriate to their products, as well as identifying detailed rules of origin, potential duty savings and certification procedures.   Links to Supporting Information   Trade4MSMEs guide How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code?   Global Trade Helpdesk Global Trade Helpdesk   Trade map Trade Map – Trade statistics for international business development   Market Access Map Market Access Map (macmap.org)   UNCTAD TRAINS TRAINS Online (unctad.org)   Export potential map Export Potential Map (intracen.org)      Trade information portals Global Trade Helpdesk   Trade Facilitation database Traders | TFAD – Trade Facilitation Agreement Database   Sustainability Map Sustainability Map   ePing alert Home – ePing SPS&TBT platform (epingalert.org)   Connect Americas  About ConnectAmericas | ConnectAmericas   Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) MSME Marketplace APEC MSME Marketplace   Rules of Origin Facilitator Rules of Origin Facilitator   ITC ITC Benchmarking for Trade | ITC Benchmarking for Trade    

How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code?

What is an HS code? The Harmonized System (HS) is an international classification system of 6-digit codes, used to categorize physical goods for Customs purposes. The HS coding system was introduced in 1988 by the World Customs Organization (WCO) and is now used by more than 200 countries as a basis for their Customs tariffs.   This shared system makes it easier for customs authorities to link different compliance and regulatory measures, as well as assess duties and taxes to be collected.   Why do I need an HS code?  HS codes are legally required when making an international shipment and must be used on the documentation throughout the shipment process (see Trade4MSMEs guide on Trade Documents).   A key skill for anyone involved in international trade is knowing how to ensure that the correct HS code is applied to goods at import, export or during transit.  This is known as classifying the goods for customs purposes.   Knowing the correct HS code can help you avoid non-compliance penalties, border delays, or seizure of goods and denial of import privileges.   The correct HS code can also help you to know if your product is eligible for a duty reduction or elimination under a preferential tariff agreement. (See the Trade4MSMEs guide on Regional Trade Agreements and Preferential Trade Arrangements).   Incorrect classification of goods may also result in a customs fine or penalty, so it’s important to get it right.   To classify goods correctly, there are two essential factors: Know the product involved in detail Learn how to read the Harmonised Schedule in a structured and systematic way   What is the structure of an HS code?  The HS code is designed to give a numeric code for a description of goods. There is only one correct HS Code for every product, used in over 200 countries around the world.   The HS Code defines:   The nature of the product, Its main characteristics, The type of product it is, Any unique features   You cannot change the HS Code of a product without making significant changes to the product itself. There are approximately 5,300 different 6-digit HS codes, each describing a specific article, or group of related articles. These HS codes are classified into 21 different sections. Each section contains chapters, which in turn are divided up with different headings.   The first 2 digits of each HS code refer first to the appropriate chapter, the next two digits refer to the appropriate heading within that chapter, and the last two digits refer to the subheading. These 6 digits combined, make up the code which is applied to an individual product. For example: “Oranges” are categorized in Section 2 (Vegetable products) Chapter 08 for “Edible fruit and nuts; peel of citrus fruit or melons.” Heading 0805 is for “Citrus fruit, fresh or dried.” The subheading code for “Oranges” is 080510.   However, the Customs administration in each country can choose to add more digits to the 6-digit HS code, to further categorize products which fall within the same subheading. For example: Fresh oranges – 08051010 Dried oranges – 08051090   What are the different types of tariffs and how do I know the amount of duty for an imported product?  A Customs Tariff sets out the duties and charges affecting the import, export and transit of goods.   Different types of tariffs you may encounter include: Ad valorem tariffs: These are the most common duties and are calculated as a percent of the price of the good. The price of the good can either be determined as CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight), which means it includes the invoice value of the good plus all other charges paid for insurance and transportation, or FOB (Free on board), meaning only the cost of the good (typically the invoice value) without additional charges included. Specific tariffs: These are calculated based on the quantity of an import, for example weight in kilograms of meat or pair of shoes. Mixed tariffs: These are a combination of both specific tariffs and ad valorem tariffs, with one being applied depending on whether a higher or lesser duty is preferred. Compound tariffs: These are a combination of both specific tariffs and ad valorem tariffs and take into consideration both the value and quantity of the imported product in assessing the tariff to be paid. Tariff-rate quotas: These allow a pre-determined quantity of a product to be imported at lower import duty rates (in-quota duty). Once the quota is met, all subsequently imported goods are charged at a higher rate.   Once the appropriate HS product code is determined, the corresponding duty can be obtained from online tariff portals of the importing economy or other web market access portals, including those published by multilateral agencies see Trade4MSMEs guide Tariffs and Taxes at the border. The Global Trade Helpdesk provides an HS product finder that can help you identify your HS code. Additionally, some customs authorities may issue advance rulings for the classification of goods designating the appropriate HS code. Information about advance rulings is provided online by the UN’s Trade Facilitation Implementation Guide (TFIG).   Links to Supporting Information   Trade4MSMEs guide Trade Documents for Exports – Trade4MSMES   World Customs Organization (WCO): World Customs Organization (wcoomd.org)   WCO HS Code guide Harmonized System | WCO Trade Tools   Trade4MSMEs guide Regional Trade Agreements and Preferential Trade Agreements – Trade4MSMES   Trade4MSMEs guide Tariffs and Taxes at the border   The World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) information on Forms of Import Tariffs Forms of Import Tariffs (worldbank.org)   The World Trade Organization’s Glossary of the Tariff Analysis Online Welcome to TAO – Tariff Analysis Online facility provided by WTO   The Global Trade Helpdesk HS product finder Global Trade Helpdesk   The Trade Facilitation Implementation Guide (TFIG) guide to Advance Rulings Advance ruling (unece.org)   The Institute of Export and International Trade Exporting essentials: Customs classification and commodity codes – The Institute of Export and International Trade  

Export Potential Guide for Goods

What is export potential and why is it important for my business?   Export potential refers to the likelihood that a company’s product or service can be successfully sold abroad.   Businesses usually identify the export potential of their products and services by analyzing: customer profiles; potential product or service modifications; transportation, shipping, and logistics; local representation in overseas markets; exporting services; and business development capacities.   Additional information like the export market’s economic outlook and current trade conditions may also be useful. Analysing these areas helps businesses to identify the strengths and weaknesses of their targeted overseas markets and to determine whether and why an export product has the potential to succeed abroad.   Some examples of online tools that can help you analyse your export potential are: the United States International Trade Administration’s (S. ITA’s) web page on export potential the Government of Canada’s Step-by-Step Guide to Exporting   How do I determine my business’ export potential?    There are two practical ways to assess the export potential of products and services in overseas markets. If you are already selling successfully in your domestic market, look for an overseas market with similar characteristics. The second way is to assess the unique features that make your product or service different from those found abroad and therefore desirable in a foreign market. The U.S. ITA has created a useful export guide for small businesses called A Basic Guide to Exporting.   How do I select my target markets?    Online trade statistics are a useful tool, as they provide an overview of markets in target countries. They can show if target countries are already importing the products or services that your company is intending to export. They also indicate supply levels in target countries. One resource for identifying target markets is the European Commission’s Guide for export of goods.   How do I find potential buyers?    The next step after identifying a target market is to find and connect with potential trade partners and business contacts. For example: Trade fairs are a good place to find business partners, as this is where companies from across the world can meet to explore business opportunities, find potential markets, and use contacts or word of mouth.   Events hosted by business support organizations for domestic companies, with the aim of helping local companies explore export opportunities, is another option.   There are also an increasing number of online platforms that connect buyers and sellers. In addition to well-known global online marketplaces like Alibaba and Amazon, a simple internet search is another way to identify specialized online marketplaces see the Trade4MSMEs guide on selling abroad online.   Where should I start?    The International Trade Centre offers a free tool known as the Export Potential Map. This online tool uses a quantitative model that considers global market shares, relative market access conditions like preferential tariffs, the relative strength of bilateral trade relationships, and distance and demand.   This Export Potential map works by using estimates from the IMF (International Monetary Fund) World Economic Outlook to create estimates of export potential. This model helps businesses to identify products and markets across 226 countries and territories for 4,376 products. It also enables businesses to do quick scans of target markets for products using the 6-digit HS code level, see the Trade4MSMEs guide on how to read HS codes.   Various types of searches can be performed, including by country, to see what products have the greatest export potential from that domestic market, and which markets have the most potential for a specific export product. The International Trade Centre’s Export Potential Map allows for finding attractive markets and likely export performance for a chosen product using its HS code. Google’s Market Finder training is another free resource to help explore domestic and international markets.   Links to Supporting Information   United States International Trade Administration’s (U.S. ITA’s)  How to Analyze a Product or Service’s Export Potential (trade.gov)   The Government of Canada’s  Getting started: assessing your export potential (tradecommissioner.gc.ca)   The U.S. ITA  Guide_To_Exporting   The European Commission  Guide for export of goods | Access2Markets   The U.S. ITA Find Buyers and Partners   Trade4MSMEs guide Selling Abroad Online   The International Trade Centre Export Potential Map  and  Spotting Products with Export Potential   IMF World Economic Outlook  World Economic Outlook (imf.org)   Trade4MSMEs guide How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code?   Google’s Market Finder training  Find Global Business Opportunities – Market Finder by Google   The Institute of Export and International Trade Export essentials: 10 steps to getting started in trade – The Institute of Export and International Trade  

Basics of Exporting

What are exports?    Exports are defined as both the action of sending goods to another country or customs territory, and the goods themselves.   For example, exports are resources, goods or services that traders in one country sell to buyers in another country.   What should I consider before exporting?    Assess whether your business is ready to become globally competitive. At this stage, you should analyse the export potential of your products, the Trade4MSME Guide on Export Potential and the International Trade Centre’s (ITC) Export Potential Map are particularly helpful.   Consider taking an export readiness assessment which can give you more guidance adjusting before entering new, international markets. The Trade4MSME guides on export readiness and assessing e-commerce readiness can provide starting points.   The next step should then be to develop an action plan, to prepare your products for export, and ensuring compliance with domestic and foreign requirements for international shipping and Customs. The Trade4MSME guides on tariffs and taxes at the border and non-tariff measures contain more information.   What other steps can help me prepare for export?    Identify your product’s Harmonised Commodity Code (HS code): One of the very first steps to take after you have decided to export a product is to identify its HS code (see guide on how do I determine my product’s HS code). Identifying your HS code can help you understand any potential trade measures that might apply as well as to fully use export potential tools. Gather key information on your target markets: Business support organizations, government agencies, and online platforms all provide useful guidance that can help you understand your potential markets. You can also access the Global Trade Helpdesk website to map out market demand, trade-related procedures, and possible certifications you will need to export overseas. See the Trade4MSME guide on ‘Where Can I Find Trade Resources and Get Started?’ Additionally, Google provides a free course on Localisation Essentials for users worldwide. Determine if your products are subject to trade measures: Certain exports can be subject to trade measures. Understanding your trade requirements can help you to adapt your products to meet certain standards and regulations, such as: local environmental sustainability standards, packaging and labelling requirements, energy efficiency certificates (See Trade4MSME guides on tariffs and taxes at the border and non-tariff measures). Review whether your products are eligible to preferential treatment under free trade agreements: When planning to export, you can check whether there are any trade agreements in place between your domestic and foreign markets. If applicable, your products may benefit from preferential market access and lower trade restrictions in your desired markets. (See Trade4MSME guides on regional and preferential trade arrangements, and rules of origin.) Determine whether your products could benefit from certifications such as “Fair Trade” or “Organic.” There are many certifications offered by governments and non-governmental organizations to indicate sustainability, or other consumer preferences that may increase your product’s value and marketability. (See Trade4MSME guide voluntary sustainability standards) Choose a route to market. Entry routes will differ depending on the market and your level of exporting experience. For example, initially you may decide to export directly to overseas customers to test the market. If that goes well, the best way to increase sales may be to identify a good agent or distributor who can assist in building customer relationships. You can also consider the following: direct sales use an agent or distributor use licensing or franchising create a joint venture agreement set up a business abroad Arrange the sale – The first step for international trade is to arrange the sale. Contracts need to be drawn up, and should include the chosen Incoterms, if relevant finance needs to be arranged, and organise how the goods are to be shipped or transported. See the Trade4MSME guides on Trade Finance, Incoterms, & Logistics. Be mindful about cultural and linguistic challenges in foreign markets: To enter foreign markets successfully you will need to understand different cultural and linguistic requirements for doing business. Business relationships can be categorised as being either ‘relationship’ or ‘transactional’ based. Relationship based prospective clients will want to take time to get to know you and build the relationship. This is likely in Latin America, Middle East, and Asia. Whereas most of Europe, North America, and Australia are considered transactional cultures. In these cultures, clients are more likely to want to get to the point of discussing the deal very quickly. Not being aware of cultural differences and business etiquette could lead to misunderstandings and confusion. Manage risks, finances, and payments: Doing business globally can potentially expose your finances to commercial, political, or economic risks, such as high inflation, wars, and contract disputes. Insurance, financial tools, and some new technologies can help mitigate risks see the Trade4MSME guides on Trade Finance, and Trade-Related Insurance. Consider protecting your intellectual property (IP): Identifying the various types of IP that apply to your business, and which IP rights you should consider, is an important step when considering selling to foreign markets. You can take an IP diagnostic online, such as the one offered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to understand your IP value and identify your IP protection needs. The Trade4MSME guide on What is Intellectual Property provides more information. Select a distribution method: Selling your products abroad requires careful planning to ensure the correct logistics and shipping requirements are followed. To transport your products, you can consider air, sea, and freight options depending on the kind of goods you export and the destination. The Trade4MSME guide on Shipping, will give you more detailed information. Prepare your documents to comply with Customs and border procedures: Before reaching their final destination, your products will have to undergo several customs and border procedures in your country. You can check the Global Trade Helpdesk website to see which authorities and procedures you will have to address when your products get to Customs. (See the Trade4MSMEs guides on Customs and Border Procedures and Trade Documents.)   Links to Supporting Information   The International Trade Centre’s (ITC) Export Potential Map Export Potential Map   The United States International Trade Administration’s (U.S. ITA’s) Exporter assessment Exporter Assessments   The Global Trade Helpdesk Global Trade Helpdesk   Google free course on Localisation Essentials Localization Essentials | Udacity Free Courses   UK Government Department for Business and Trade Understand routes to market – great.gov.uk   UK Government Department for Business and Trade  Understand the local business culture   The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Intellectual Property Diagnostic  WIPO IP Diagnostics   Trade4MSMEs guide Export Potential Guide   Trade4MSMEs guide Export Readiness   Trade4MSMEs guide Assessing E-Commerce Readiness   Trade4MSMEs guide Tariffs and Taxes at the Border   Trade4MSMEs guide  Non-tariff Measures   Trade4MSMEs guide  How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code?   Trade4MSMEs guide  Where Can I Find Trade Resources and Get Started?   Trade4MSMEs guide Voluntary Sustainability Standards   Trade4MSMEs guide  Regional Trade Agreements and Preferential Trade Agreements   Trade4MSMEs guide Rules of Origin   Trade4MSMEs guide  Trade Finance Introduction   Trade4MSMEs guide Incoterms   Trade4MSMEs guide Logistics   Trade4MSMEs guide Shipping   Trade4MSMEs guide Trade Insurance   Trade4MSMEs guide Intellectual Property Considerations   Trade4MSMEs guide Customs and Border Procedures   Trade4MSMEs guide Trade Documents for Exports   Trade4MSMEs guide Enquiry/Contact Points – Trade4MSMES

Basics of Importing

What are imports?    Imports are defined as both the action of bringing goods into a country or customs territory, and the actual goods themselves. For example, imports are goods or services that buyers in one country purchase from sellers in another country.   Domestic businesses bring in imports from overseas for many purposes, for example, to access new products that are not available in their home country, or to reduce manufacturing costs.   Imports are delivered in many ways. They can be shipped by air, sea or road freight, sent by postal/mail services, or even hand-carried in personal luggage on a plane.   The cross-border aspect of international trade means that importing businesses are sometimes required to obtain licenses or permits to clear imports through customs, and to comply with safety standards.   Resources that can help businesses get started with importing include local chambers of commerce, industry associations, and trade agencies. Businesses can also access the Global Trade Helpdesk, an online portal that provides information on trade requirements, procedures and relevant business partners.   What should I consider before importing?    Before importing goods from overseas, business owners should consider a number of factors. The importing process can be expensive, due to the need for transportation, insurance, foreign exchange, and other steps.   For example, some or all of the import process will require the importing company to contract third party service suppliers such as: customs brokers, currency dealers, translators, freight forwarders   Businesses need to incorporate these cost considerations in their cash flows, and in addition, consider supplier reliability. Businesses should identify dependable and reliable suppliers that can provide the necessary services while also fulfilling quantity, quality, and regulatory requirements.   What are the key practical steps for importing?    Before importing, businesses should check the steps required and any relevant prohibitions or import procedures for the item being considered. Practical steps that importing businesses may consider include: Finding a foreign supplier: One way to start is by consulting with your local chamber of commerce, trade agencies, and business network about possible suppliers. You can also identify potential trade partners and business contacts at trade fairs and events organized by business support organizations. Online marketplaces are also an important way to connect importers and exporters. TheTrade4MSME guide on Selling Abroad Online also provides additional information. Reviewing import conditions, duties, and compliance requirements: Duties are tariffs applied to the planned imports the Trade4MSME guide on How do I determine my product’s HS code contains more detailed information on how various products may attract different rates of duty. Compliance requirements include: health safety environmental technical regulations that certify products and help standardize certain products within a country. registration and marketing rules for engaging in the importing process also need to be considered. Organizing sales by defining contractual liabilities with foreign suppliers for the delivery and insurance of imports: In the case of importing goods, contracts can also specify transport and shipment conditions see the Trade4MSME guide on Logistics for more information. Preparing all required paperwork for the border: This may include: presenting a customs declaration to the national customs authority, preparing a commercial invoice, insurance and transport documents, certificate of origin, import license, or other documentation.   Links to Supporting Information   Global Trade Helpdesk a multi-agency initiative jointly led by ITC, UNCTAD, and the WTO Global Trade Helpdesk   Canadian Small Business Development Center – Guide to Imports Importing Guide   European Commission Guide to Imports – Checklist of 4 Steps to Import a Product  Guide for import of goods | Access2Markets   Trade4MSMEs guide Selling Abroad Online   Trade4MSMEs guide How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code?   Trade4MSMEs guide Logistics

Standards

What are Standards?   The formal definition of “standards” from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its sister organization, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is: “a document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context.”   The International Standards Organization (ISO) offers a variety of resources for small businesses to learn more about standards.   According to the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade standards are considered one of the “technical” measures to international trade. TheTrade4MSME guide on technical barriers to trade provides more information.   Unlike technical regulations, standards are not mandatory and only require businesses to comply with them voluntarily. However, voluntary standards can become the de facto norm and governments may later use them as the basis for mandatory regulations.   What types of standards are there?   Standards can be specific to certain products, services, or sectors. According to the International Standards Organization (ISO), some of the most popular international standards adopted by businesses relate to: quality management, information security management, occupational health and safety   Standards can vary according to business activity or territorial jurisdiction. The majority of standards set guidelines for businesses that helps them manage functions and operations in areas such as: human resources, information and technology finance   Examples of standards include: Voluntary sustainability standards the Trade4MSMEs guide on Voluntary Sustainability Standards provides more detail. Standards for cross-border paperless trade, detailed information on these can be found in the Trade4MSMEs guide on Standards for Cross-Border Paperless Trade   The International Trade Centre’s (ITC) SME Competitiveness Outlook 2016 provides more information on the various types of standards and the organizations who oversee standard development, which may be useful for you to know.   How can standards support my business to trade?   Standards play an important role in international trade because they help to maintain and boost production efficiency, product quality, and customer confidence in cross-border business transactions.   As trade expands beyond national borders, all parts of the supply chain are important from new product innovation and design to sourcing the right materials into manufacturing, packaging, transportation, warehousing, distribution, consumer use, return and disposal. All the different stages rely on certain standards when considering international business. Getting certified for standards which are relevant to your business can help you develop international trade plans and enter new markets more efficiently and at pace.   The International Trade Centre’s (ITC) provides tutorials and videos including a useful tool, in the form of an online questionnaire, to complete your own self-assessment against various standards.   International Standards Organization (ISO) Small Business Advantage guide.   Where can I find further resources on standards?   ISO and Small & Medium Enterprises: The International Standards Organization (ISO) offers a number of handbooks, manuals and guides for small businesses, to help prepare for the process of adopting standards in a variety of business subjects. ITC’s Export Quality Management Guide for small businesses: The International Trade Centre (ITC) provides a holistic guide to help small businesses learn more about the role of standards in international trade. ITC’s Standards Map: The International Trade Centre offers an analytical toolkit to help businesses review and compare over 300 different standards by product, sector, area or focus. This tool focuses on voluntary sustainability standards through codes of conduct, audit protocols, reporting frameworks and company programs on sustainability. A Guide to the IFRS for SMEs: The International Accounting Standards Board offers a guide on the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This is a standard for businesses seeking to gain more access to capital by adopting high quality financial reporting principles.   Links to Supporting Information   International Organization for Standardization (ISO) COPOLCO (iso.org)  definition of “standards.”   World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade  WTO | Technical Barriers to Trade – Third Edition The WTO Agreements Series   The International Standards Organization (ISO) Small & Medium Enterprises ISO – ISO and Small & Medium Enterprises   The International Standards Organization (ISO) Small Business Advantage ISO – The small-business advantage   The International Trade Centre’s (ITC) SME Competitiveness Outlook 2016 SME Competitiveness Outlook: Meeting the Standard for Trade | ITC (intracen.org)   The International Trade Centre (ITC)’s Export Quality Management Guide for Small & Medium sized businesses  Export Quality Management: A Guide for Small and Medium-Sized Exporters | ITC   The International Trade Centre (ITC)’s Standards Map Standards Map   The International Accounting Standards Board offers a guide on the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)  guide to the IFRS for SMEs march 2016   Trade4MSMEs guide Technical Barriers to Trade   Trade4MSMEs guide Standards for Cross Border Paperless Trade   Trade4MSMEs guide Voluntary Sustainability Standards

Voluntary sustainability standards

What are voluntary sustainability standards (VSS)   Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) are a set of standards which aim to encourage sustainability along global value chains, by ensuring businesses use resources and processes that do not damage the environment or people. This benefits both the business and the consumer, provides good working conditions for employees, and has a positive impact on the environment.   Voluntary Sustainability Standards tend to focus mainly on business sectors such as forestry, farming, mining or fishing, but they also target a range of sustainability objectives, such as: respect for basic human rights; worker health and safety; environmental protection; community relations and others.   To learn more about the concepts and business perspectives around VSS, you can visit the knowledge base of the International Trade Centre’s (ITC) Standards Map see link below.   Types of VSS   VSS can come in various forms depending on which the sector, issue, production process or governance mechanisms they focus on. VSS are mostly governed by non-state actors that include: companies, industry associations not-for-profit organizations   Some well-known standards include GlobalGap, a farm insurance program, or Starbucks’ CAFÉ practice to ethically source coffee beans. Public agencies such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) also develop standards, for example, a process to certify whether products are organic. Other standards are the result of multi-stakeholder initiatives, including the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO).   The International Trade Centre (ITC) website offers information and resources that can give you further insights on the various types of VSS that may be in demand in the market.   Why do VSS matter for my business to trade?   VSS have become increasingly relevant for businesses, consumers and regulators because of their role in contributing to societal objectives such as social rights protection, fair prices, environment conservation, and food security.   Most VSS relate to environmental, social and economic objectives, which assess business practices to ensure sustainability through product quality, management practices and ethics.   With over 500 VSS now in existence, consumers, businesses, governments and other stakeholders are paying closer attention to how companies can consider the needs of consumers, workers and supply chain actors. While the adoption of VSS can represent business costs, it can also lead to benefits in improving management and monitoring systems, productivity, and access to credit, which are relevant for expanding business operations and reaching new markets through participation in international trade.   The International Trade Centre (ITC) offers a VSS SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) training programme for coaches to help business to prepare for VSS certification processes. Canada’s government website also includes an SME Sustainability Roadmap/SME Sustainability Map that may also be able to assist you to gain benefits from VSS certifications.   Who develops VSS?   Industry associations, consumer groups, and other stakeholders collaborate to develop VSS by sharing subject matter expertise and recognizing best business practices. VSS issuers vary according to the standards’ scope. For example, Cocoa Life, the Sustainable Agriculture Network, and the Ethical Trading Initiative are among the organizations granting VSS that apply to single products or a group of products. Other organizations such as Fairtrade Small Producers, and the Rainforest Alliance Sustainable Tourism, focus on the ability of businesses to meet social and environmental objectives.   How can I get started with certification for VSS?   A number of articles, tools and training courses on voluntary standards are available for business owners wishing to learn more about VSS. Some of these are highlighted as follows:   ITC offers an analytical toolkit that enables businesses to review and compare 320+ standards by product, sector, area, or focus. This tool focuses on voluntary sustainability standards (VSS), codes of conduct, audit protocols, reporting frameworks and company programs on sustainability. ITC’s new Sustainability Gateway provides examples of sustainability projects in action. Through ITC’s Sustainability Map, businesses can create an online profile to find partners and customers for gaining access to sustainable markets. The ISEAL Alliance represents a movement of sustainability standards that supports businesses to adopt good practices for mainstreaming sustainability in business operations.   Links to Supporting Information   Trade4MSME Guide Standards   Government of Canada’s SME Sustainability Roadmap SME Sustainability Roadmap (canada.ca)   International Trade Centre’s (ITC) Standards Map StandardsMap   The International Trade Centre (ITC) Sustainability Map Sustainability Map   The International Trade Centre (ITC) Home – SustainabilityMap (sustainabilitygateway.org)   International Trade Centre (ITC) VSS SME coaching program Virtual Workshopping – Training of Coaches on T4SD’s VSS Expert Methodology & Tool   The ISEAL Alliance ISEAL’s resources on sustainability practices for businesses   The Institute of Export and International Trade Export essentials: building and maintaining a green supply chain – The Institute of Export and International Trade

Tariffs and Taxes at the Border

What are tariffs?    Tariffs are a tax or duty that is applied to goods upon import or export. Import tariffs are paid by the importer, or buyer, and export tariffs are paid by the exporter, or seller. Export tariffs are not often applied; however, traders should be aware of these as they pose potential additional costs to their business.   Tariffs are listed in national tariff schedules, which are organized by Harmonised System (HS) codes see the Trade4MSME guide on How do I determine my product’s HS code, for more information.   A national tariff schedule may contain a range of duties for the same product, depending on which country the goods are shipped from (see the Trade4MSMEs guide on Regional Trade Agreements and Preferential Tariff Agreements). If no trade agreement exists between the exporting and importing countries, tariffs are applied at a Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) level. This means that all trading partners are treated equally for “like” products. Like products are those that are identical to the product being imported, and as such are direct competitors or substitutes to domestic products.   Other duties and charges for services rendered (ODCs) may also apply at the border upon import. For more information on tariffs and the principles of the trading system, visit the World Trade Organization (WTO) website.   What are antidumping, countervailing, and safeguard duties?    These are duties that may be applied to imports of specific products from certain countries and/or certain companies, in order to protect domestic industries from allegedly unfair practices, or a sudden increase in imports. Although antidumping and countervailing measures always take the form of a duty, additional safeguarding measures may also be implemented, in the form of quantitative restrictions. These are a type of non-tariff measure, which are explained in more detail in the Trade4 MSME guide on Non-tariff Measures.   What other taxes might I face at the border?    There are various types of taxes which may be applied at the border, upon import or export. These include: sales tax, value added tax (VAT), goods and services tax (GST)   These taxes are usually charged to the importer, and generally charged at a set % amount against the the value of the goods, the handling & shipping costs, as well as any levies or duties that may be applied. It is important to understand the type and amount of taxes which may apply upon import in each country before you start the shipment process of your goods.   Sales tax is applied only at the final sale of a finished good or service. VAT is applied at each point in the production or distribution process, starting with the raw materials, and finishing with the final retail sale. Although every purchaser pays VAT, businesses can deduct the amount of VAT paid to other firms. This leaves the responsibility with the final consumer, just as with sales tax. More than 140 countries and customs territories worldwide levy VAT. Each has its own VAT, so it is important to research and consider it as part of the cost for shipping abroad GST may also be applied at each point in the production or distribution process, starting with the raw materials, and finishing with the final retail sale, in addition to VAT.   How can I find out which tariff measures apply to my product?    Chambers of commerce, industry associations, and trade agencies provide online portals with lists of trade measures for all types of products. Businesses can also identify trade measures in their targeted markets by using these available online tools: Global Trade Helpdesk: Provides an overview of tariffs, domestic and product requirements, and market conditions. The Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP): provides a single-entry point for information compiled by the WTO on trade policy measures. Tariff Analysis Online: This is an advanced online database that allows users to extract detailed information for specific products, including bound and applied MFN and preferential tariffs at the national tariff line level (HS-8 digits or more), as well as other duties and charges as notified by importing economy. Market Access Map: This identifies customs tariffs, tariff-rate quotas, trade remedies, and non-tariff measures that apply to a specific good in any market in the world. Visit the map to learn more. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): The WITS database displays detailed statistics and country profiles on trade flows, tariffs, and non-tariff measures. Visit the WITS database for further detail.   Where can I learn more?    FedEx: This website has a useful video and other information on how duties and taxes are calculated. WTO DATA: This new data portal which publishes general statistical indicators related to WTO issues. This includes data on applied MFN, preferential, and bound tariffs for all WTO Members. These are aggregated at the standard HS levels (2-digit chapter, 4-digit heading and 6-digit subheading levels). World Tariff Profiles: This is a tariff data book jointly published by the WTO, the International Trade Centre (ITC), and UNCTAD, which provides comprehensive summary information on the tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by over 170 countries and customs territories. Tariff data are presented in comparative tables and in one-page profiles for each economy.   Links to Supporting Information   Trade4 MSMEs Guide  How Do I Determine My Product’s HS Code?   Trade4 MSMEs Guide  Regional Trade Agreements and Preferential Trade Agreements   Trade4 MSMEs Guide  Non-tariff Measures   World Trade Organization – information on tariffs  WTO | Tariffs   World Trade Organization – Principles of the trading system WTO | Understanding the WTO – principles of the trading system   World Trade Organization briefing note: Anti-dumping, subsidies, and safeguards  WTO | Ministerial conferences – Ninth WTO Ministerial Conference – Briefing notes   Global Trade Helpdesk Global Trade Helpdesk   The WTO Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP)  WTO | Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP)   The WTO Integrated Trade Intelligence Portal (I-TIP) Tariff Analysis Online  Welcome to TAO – Tariff Analysis Online facility provided by WTO   ITC Market Access Map  Market Access Map   World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) database World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) | Data on Export, Import, Tariff, NTM   FedEx How duties and taxes are calculated | United Kingdom   United States Council for International Business VAT Per Country | Value Added Tax Rates By Country | USCIB   WTO DATA: data portal   WTO Data – Information on trade and trade policy measures   World Tariff Profiles: This is a tariff data book jointly published by the WTO, the International Trade Centre (ITC), and UNCTAD  WTO | Economic research and analysis gateway – World Tariff Profiles  

Non-tariff Measures

What are non-tariff measures?    Non-tariff measures are policy measures that can potentially affect traded goods by changing their quantities, prices, or both. The purposes of non-tariff measures include the protection of public health, or the environment, and may imply information, compliance, and procedural costs. These measures can apply to both imports and exports and are divided into 16 categories. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) provides a full list of non-tariff measures and their definitions.   What are the different types of non-tariff measures?    Below is a table with broad categories of non-tariff measures that you may encounter. The first two, A and B, apply to importers, or buyers, and item P at the bottom of the table applies only to exporters, or sellers. It is important to note that some of these, such as quotas and trade-related investment measures, are prohibited under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules except for specific circumstances. For more details, please see the WTO’s General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).   Technical measures on imports A Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures: These include measures to restrict substances, ensure food safety, and prevent the dissemination of diseases or pests. (See guide on SPS measures) B Technical barriers to trade: These relate to product, technical, or quality requirements. They also include measures on labelling and packaging. (See guide on TBT) C Pre-shipment inspection and other Customs formalities: These involve other technical measures. Non-technical measures on imports D Contingent measures: These include antidumping, countervailing, and safeguard measures. E Licensing and quotas: These also cover quantity controls and other related restrictions. F Price control measures: These affect the prices of imported goods. G Finance measures: These restrict payment of imports and terms of payment. H Competition measures: These grant privileges to one or more economic operators. I Trade-related investment measures: These impose local content or export conditions on investment. J Distribution restrictions: These regulate the internal distribution of imported products. K Restrictions on post-sales services: These restrict, for example, the provision of accessory services. L Subsidies and other forms of support: These include financial transfers to enterprises, individuals, or households. M Government procurement restrictions: These restrict bidders from selling products to a foreign government. N Intellectual property: These involve restrictions or rules related to intellectual property rights. O Rules of origin: These are criteria involving the origin of products or their inputs, which can affect whether these are subject to restrictions, duties, or other measures. P Export-related measures: include export quotas and other export prohibitions.   How can I start identifying non-tariff measures?    Chambers of commerce, industry associations, and trade agencies may provide online portals with lists of non-tariff measures applicable for your products. Businesses can also identify trade restrictions in their targeted markets by using four available online tools, described below:   Market Access Map: This database features specific non-tariff regulations that apply to exports or imports of products, as well as a tracker of temporary trade measures put in place in response to COVID-19. Trade Analysis Information System (TRAINS): The TRAINS database provides an exhaustive list of non-tariff measures available for more than 160 countries, covering more than four fifths of world trade. Global Trade Helpdesk: The Global Trade Helpdesk provides an overview non-tariff measures coming from the Market Access Map and TRAINS, as well other information on rules of origin, trade statistics, and related procedures for importers or exporters targeting foreign markets. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): The WITS presents country profiles on non-tariff measures by type.       Links to Supporting Information   The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) provides a full list of non-tariff measures and their definitions International Classification of Non-tariff Measures – 2019 edition (unctad.org)   World Trade Organization (WTO)’s General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) WTO | legal texts – Marrakesh Agreement   Trade4MSMEs guide Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures   Trade4MSMEs guide Technical Barriers to Trade   International Trade Centre ITC   Market Access Map   UNCTAD  TRAINS   International Trade Centre ITC   Global Trade Helpdesk   World Integrated Trade System WITS

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

What are sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures?    SPS measures consist of laws, decrees, regulations, requirements, and procedures that countries adopt to protect human, animal, or plant life or health against certain risks. These measures generally aim to promote food safety and protect against potential risks from cross-border spread of contaminants, diseases, and pests affecting animals and plants.   Examples of SPS measures include: Requirements for products to come from disease-free areas; specific treatment or processing of products; thresholds for pesticide residues; use of certain additives in food.   SPS measures apply to domestic foods, local animals, and plants, as well as foreign products. For more information, see the link below to the World Trade Organization document on Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.   What are the types of SPS measures that can apply to imports?    SPS measures include six broad categories: prohibitions or restrictions of imports; limits for residues and restricted use of certain substances; labelling, marking, and packaging requirements related to food safety; hygienic requirements related to sanitary and phytosanitary conditions; treatment for elimination of plant and animal pests and disease-causing organisms in the final product or prohibition of treatment; other requirements relating to production or postproduction processes.   In addition, SPS measures cover procedures to verify that products meet SPS requirements. For a more comprehensive list of SPS measures, see the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s (UNCTAD) International Classification of Non-Tariff Measures.   How do I find information about the SPS measures that may apply to my products?   The exporter, or seller, is responsible for complying with all SPS requirements that apply in the country of import. Local trade agencies, industry associations, and chambers of commerce may offer resources such as newsletters, events, and online platforms for businesses to learn about SPS measures.   ePing: To stay informed of new and updated SPS requirements, businesses can register on ePing, an online initiative developed by the United Nations, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the International Trade Centre (ITC). Through ePing alerts, businesses can receive notifications of new SPS requirements relevant to their products and target markets, and also identify existing measures in their database. Global Trade Helpdesk: This provides an overview of product requirements for importers or exporters targeting foreign markets. Market Access Map: This displays specific SPS measures applicable to products that businesses may seek to import from targeted markets. Trade Analysis Information System (TRAINS): This presents an outlook of existing SPS measures worldwide and multiple features of non-tariff measures reported by 160 countries. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): This offers country profiles on SPS regulatory indicators, organized by product sectors.   Links to Supporting Information   The World Trade Organization Document on Understanding the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures  WTO | Understanding the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Agreement   The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s (UNCTAD) International Classification of Non-Tariff Measures International Classification of Non-tariff Measures – 2019 edition   ePing  Home – ePing SPS&TBT platform   ITC UNCTAD WTO Global Trade Helpdesk   ITC Market Access Map   UNCTAD TRAINS Online   World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) | Data on Export, Import, Tariff, NTM

Technical Barriers to Trade

What are technical barriers to trade (TBT)?    The World Trade Organization Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (or the ‘TBT Agreement’) exists to ensure that technical regulations and procedures do not cause unnecessary barriers to international trade.   TBT measures include product-related technical regulations and standards, as well as procedures to assess compliance with the requirements set out in these regulations and standards, because technical regulations are mandatory.   TBT measures are used by a country for safety reasons, to protect the environment, to enhance national security, or to provide information to consumers, among other reasons.   What are examples of TBT measures?   TBT measures can take the following forms: testing and certification requirements to ensure product quality, safety, or performance; labelling, marking and packaging requirements; production or post-production requirements; product identity requirements; product quality, safety, or performance requirements.   Some examples of TBT measures include: packaging or labelling requirements, such as health warnings on tobacco products; regulations on product characteristics, such as energy performance requirements for electrical appliances; conformity assessment procedures, such as testing procedures for motor vehicle safety requirements. How do I find information about TBT requirements that may apply to my products?   Exporters, or sellers, are responsible for complying with TBT measures applied in the target country and for providing all necessary documents. Trade agencies, industry associations, and chambers of commerce may offer resources such as newsletters, events, and online platforms to help businesses learn about TBT measures. Businesses and governments can collaborate to address questions and potential trade issues related to notified TBT requirements using the national forums included in the tool. For any questions on technical regulations, procedures and standards in an export market, businesses can contact the TBT enquiry point in that market. Global Trade Helpdesk: This provides an overview of product TBT requirements for importers or exporters targeting foreign markets. Market Access Map: This displays specific TBT measures applicable to products that businesses may seek to import from targeted markets. Trade Analysis Information System (TRAINS): This presents an outlook of existing TBT measures worldwide and multiple features of non-tariff measures reported by 160 countries. World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS): This offers country profiles on TBT regulatory indicators, organized by product sectors. Links to Supporting Information   World Trade Organization’s (WTO) information on technical regulations and standards WTO | Understanding the WTO – Standards and safety   United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s (UNCTAD) International Classification of Non-Tariff Measures (Chapter B)  International Classification of Non-tariff Measures – 2019 edition (unctad.org)   ePing  Home – ePing SPS&TBT platform (epingalert.org)   ePing  Enquiry point – ePing SPS&TBT platform (epingalert.org)   ePing  Enquiry point – ePing SPS&TBT platform (epingalert.org)    ITC UNCTAD WTO Global Trade Helpdesk   ITC Market Access Map (macmap.org)   UNCTAD TRAINS Online (unctad.org)   World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) | Data on Export, Import, Tariff, NTM (worldbank.org)

Regional Trade Agreements and Preferential Trade Agreements – for Businesses

What is a regional trade agreement or preferential trade arrangement?    A regional trade agreement (RTA) or a preferential trade arrangement (PTA) is a treaty or contractual agreement that governments use to manage their trade relationships and market access conditions. Through trade agreements, governments agree on a range of conditions such as preferential tariffs for goods, market access for services, intellectual property rights, competition and investment measures, among other things.   How can trade agreements affect my business?    Regional trade agreements (RTAs) provide preferential market access, such as full or partial relief from tariffs for goods traded between the RTA parties. They also include chapters related to trade facilitation, SPS and TBT measures, and intellectual property rights, all of which may impact your business.   Preferential trade arrangements (PTAs) are usually provided by developed nations that are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), to members in developing nations, in the form of reduced tariffs for goods. Businesses can claim these benefits by meeting Rules of Origin and other conditions stated in the text of these arrangements. The Trade4MSME guide on Rules of Origin contains more information.   What are the different types of RTAs and PTAs?    PTAs are unilateral, or one-sided, meaning an arrangement where one government provides preferential access to imports from one or more governments without receiving anything in return.   RTAs may involve multiple governments, in the same region, or across different regions, or they may be on a bilateral between two governments.   Both the World Trade Organization and International Trade Centre websites have more information on trade agreements.   Unilateral agreements: also known as preferential trade arrangements, or PTAs, these provide trade preferences to the markets of the member that developed the PTA, without requiring that beneficiary economies grant the same preferences in return. These preferences often come in the form of zero or lower import tariffs for products, and only cover trade in goods. One example of a PTA is the Generalized System of Preferences scheme GSP, under which developed economies grant preferential tariffs to imports from developing economies. PTAs can also involve more limited schemes such as the United States’ African Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA) or the European Union’s Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme. These are subject to a waiver granted by WTO Members and subject to review. Reciprocal agreements: Reciprocal agreements are also known as regional trade agreements or RTAs, and these cover the rules and conditions that apply to trade in both goods and services. These include free trade agreements (FTAs), Customs unions, and partial scope agreements. Governments signing these agreements provide each other with preferences and benefits in terms of lower trade barriers and market access. In addition, RTAs can include provisions on investment, Customs cooperation and trade facilitation, trade and environment, trade and labour, and other areas.   How do I know if my products benefit from preferential treatment under an RTA or PTA?    Trade agencies, industry associations, and chambers of commerce can provide information on how businesses can benefit from trade agreements. For example, the World Trade Organization has an online RTA Database and PTA Database, which provides information on tariff preferences and other provisions such as Customs procedures, SPS and TBT measures, which are under any RTAs and PTAs notified to the WTO. Businesses can also visit the Rules of Origin Facilitator, an online tool that identifies preferential tariffs under trade agreements, so long as these goods meet the rules of origin requirements included under these agreements. Through the Facilitator, businesses can find opportunities for preferential market access under trade agreements that can apply to their products.   Links to Supporting Information   Trade4MSME Guide Rules of Origin   World Trade Organization (WTO) Regional Trade Agreements  WTO | Regional Trade Agreements – scope of RTAs   International Trade Centre Rules of Origin Facilitator – Introduction to Trade Agreements  Rules of Origin Facilitator   African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) | United States Trade Representative   European Union’s Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme  Everything but Arms (EBA) | Access2Markets   The Institute of Export and International Trade  Export essentials: how to make the most of preferential tariffs – The Institute of Export and International Trade

Authorized Economic Operators (AEOs) – for businesses

What are Authorized Economic Operators (AEOs)?    The Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) scheme was introduced in 2007 by the World Customs Organization (WCO), as a way to further improve international supply chain security, and to facilitate legitimate trade.   AEO certification is recognised internationally as granting ‘trusted trader’ status, which demonstrates that a business meets the AEO standards of supply chain security and customs compliance.   Any business directly involved in the international movement of goods can apply for AEO status, regardless of the size of their business, or role in the supply chain.   An AEO is defined as ‘an Economic Operator who is certified reliable in their customs operations,’ and therefore is entitled to certain benefits such as priority clearance for goods at customs, and fewer physical and documentation checks. If your product is selected for controls at the border, it will be given priority as an AEO consignment.   What do I need to do to benefit from AEO status?    Businesses can apply for AEO status through their Customs authorities (if available). According to the World Customs Organization, there are currently 80 operational AEO programs worldwide, with 5 more under development, the WCO AEO online Compendium provides a list of all programmes.   Although different governments have different requirements for becoming an AEO, broadly, to qualify, a company must: comply with national domestic laws; abide by Customs and taxation requirements; maintain appropriate records; and practice required safety and security measures.   Where can I learn more about AEO for my business?    The World Customs Organization (WCO) offers a guide for small businesses that can help you learn more about the context and general aspects of AEOs. In addition, some institutions offer training and courses that can help you navigate the process around obtaining AEO status.   Links to Supporting Information   The World Customs Organization (WCO)  safe-framework-of-standards  and  World Customs Organization   World Customs Organization (WCO) AEO Compendium 2020 Edition World Customs Organization   United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Trade Facilitation Guide – AEO Authorized economic operators   The World Customs Organization (WCO) guide for small businesses Guide for small businesses   The World Customs Organization (WCO)  Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) Validation – WCO – Academy  Online training course and aeo-implementation-guidance   The European Commission  Course: Authorised Economic Operator (AEO), Topic  

Legal Entity Identifier

What is a legal entity identifier (LEI)?    A Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) is a 20-character, alphanumeric code that provides unique identification to businesses and other entities participating in financial transactions. The LEI contains information on business ownership structures, that regulators require in order to assess financial risks and therefore promote market integrity.   LEIs are part of global standards that rely on high data quality for enhancing transparency in marketplaces.   More information on what an LEI is can be found at the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation’s (GLEIF) website, and at LEI Worldwide in the links below.   How can my business benefit from having an LEI?    Although an LEI is not a legal requirement, it does provide benefits to businesses, such as international recognition and credibility with investors and customers, because LEI data will optimize business procedures for market transactions. Having an LEI number can also enhance business security by providing more detailed information about suppliers and partners when doing business overseas. An LEI may encourage a financial institution to give your company a loan, and an LEI can help your business to comply with many international regulations, secure your brand identity, and enhance reporting requirements.   How can I get an LEI?    LEI Worldwide has a website where you can sign up to get a new LEI code or renew an existing one. The process begins with completing an application form, with basic company details such as name, addresses, and telephone number. You will also be asked to provide ownership information for your company with supporting documents. Once you submit your form, you will receive a confirmation within a few hours, depending on the country where your business is located. It is important to note that although LEIs can provide a number of benefits, they do require an annual fee. Learn more about the LEI application process at the LEI website.   Where can I learn more about LEIs?    Some institutions offer online materials and courses that can help you learn more about LEIs and the legal landscape around business and trade.   Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation (GLEIF): The GLEIF has an online archive on their website of videos and podcasts that explain relevant LEI facts so that you can make the most of their potential benefits.   Links to Supporting Information   Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation’s (GLEIF) website Introducing the Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) – LEI – GLEIF   Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) Worldwide What is a Legal Entity Identifier – LEI Worldwide (lei-worldwide.com)   Learn more about the LEI application process at the LEI website LEI Application – How to get an LEI Code – LEI Worldwide (lei-worldwide.com)

Intellectual Property Considerations – for Businesses

What is intellectual property (IP) and what are IP rights?    IP refers to creations of the mind and includes inventive products or processes, designs, distinctive signs, and creative works. IP may be generated by investments in research and development and activities aimed at differentiating products by improving product quality, reducing production costs, and/or delivering greater value to customers. IP rights are generally private rights granted by governments to individuals, businesses, or associations to exclude others from using a protected work without the owner’s permission for a limited period, subject to exceptions, limitations, and exclusions.   IP rights are granted and enforced at the domestic level and valid only in the jurisdiction in which they have been registered or otherwise acquired. See the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Guide to the TRIPS Agreement for an introduction to this crucial multilateral treaty on IP, which is otherwise known as the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. You can also visit the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) website and the International Trade Centre (ITC) and WIPO’s guidebook on Secrets of Intellectual Property: A guide for small and medium-sized exporters for more information.   What are the different types of IP rights?    IP assets can be grouped into two main categories: Copyright and related rights: Copyright refers to the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works, including books, music, films, computer programs, and advertisements. Related rights include the rights of performers over their performances, producers over their “fixations” (recordings) of performances, and broadcasting organizations over their broadcasts. Copyright and related rights seek to encourage and reward creative work. See WIPO’s Understanding Copyright and Related Rights for more information. Industrial property: Industrial property, discussed in greater detail in WIPO’s Understanding Industrial Property, can be subdivided into two fields.   The first of these fields involves: Distinctive signs and geographical indications, which inform consumers, prevent consumer deception, and help to ensure fair competition among producers. Within that category, there are a series of sub-categories: Trademarks: These are any sign or combination of signs, including words, letters, numerals, figurative elements, and color combinations, capable of distinguishing the goods and services of one undertaking from another. These signs and sign combinations are protected as trademarks. Geographical indications (GIs): A GI is a sign that identifies a good, and in some jurisdictions a service, as originating in a place where a given quality, reputation, or other characteristic is essentially attributable to its origin. Most geographical indications are associated with agricultural products e.g., “Champagne” for a white sparkling wine from a region in France, “Tequila” for a spirit drink from a certain region of Mexico, or “Darjeeling” for a tea from a certain region of India.   The second of these fields involves: Patents, industrial designs, trade secrets, and other types of industrial property, with an aim to stimulate innovation and enable the transfer and dissemination of technology and associated know-how. Within that category, there are a series of sub-categories: Patents: Patents protect inventions, along with new solutions to a technical problem in the form of a product or process. Various technologies found in smartphones, medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and self-driving cars are patented in certain jurisdictions. Industrial designs: New and independently created ornamental or non-functional aspects of an article, such as its shape, patterns, lines, or colors, may be protected as an industrial design. Businesses create industrial designs to customize products, develop new market segments, and strengthen brands. Household products, textiles, toys, and cars often incorporate industrial designs. Trade secrets: Information that is secret has commercial value because it is secret and has been subject to reasonable steps to keep it secret may be legally protected as a trade secret. Also known as “undisclosed information,” manufacturing processes, algorithms, customer lists, and formulas for producing products may constitute trade secrets. Why does IP matter for my business to trade?    Domestic IP laws and regulations have implications for the following: product development, design, and delivery. marketing, exporting, licensing, and franchising. pricing; and businesses’ ability to raise financial resources and attract foreign investors and partners.   Identifying the various types of IP that your business develops, which IP rights to protect and enforce, and in which jurisdictions are important steps when considering foreign markets. Researching which IP rights are already protected for other businesses in your field of activity in a target market is equally critical to avoid infringement.   As IP rights are protected and enforced at the domestic level, exporting goods and services often entails navigating through IP laws and procedures that apply in each target market to assess whether export licenses are needed, and which trademarks are appropriate for the markets considered. As engaging in trade expands the marketplace for your business, understanding and protecting your IP rights in relation to your competitors enables you to take advantage of market value, hold transparent negotiations with business partners, and avoid costs from IP infringement.   For more information on why IP rights matter for exporters, refer to WIPO Training of Trainers presentation.   Where can I learn more?    The domestic and/or regional IP office for either your area or that of your target market may offer useful resources and services.   The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) offers several useful tools including: WIPO IP Diagnostics: This free, online diagnostic tool can help you assess your business’ IP. The diagnostic contains several sections with questions on the types of IP that your business may have. At the end, this diagnostic provides a report with suggestions on how you can enhance the competitiveness of your business. The Inventor Assistance Program (IAP): This program supports inventors in developing countries in filing patent applications by matching developing country inventors and small businesses with limited financial means with pro bono patent attorneys.   Links to Supporting Information   WTO Guide on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights  Guide to the TRIPS Agreement   WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization’s website   WIPO guidebook on Secrets of Intellectual Property: A guide for small and medium-sized exporters   WIPO Understanding Copyright and Related Rights   WIPO Understanding Industrial Property   Trade4MSMEs guide  Ways to Resolve an IP Dispute   WIPO training of trainers   WIPO Directory of Intellectual Property Offices   WIPO WIPO IP Diagnostics   WIPO Inventor Assistance Program (IAP)  

Selling Abroad Online

Why might I want to sell online?    Selling online offers a competitive edge to small businesses seeking to expand into new markets. It is often a lower cost, lower risk business model for small businesses starting out in international trade. Retail e-commerce sales worldwide have seen a rapid increase in recent years. E-commerce can be a quick and effective way to attract more customers. By selling online, it is possible for you to reach a new global customer base with lower overhead than if sales were only made through physical stores.   How can I sell online?    From online marketplaces and platforms to social media and e-commerce websites, there are a wide range of digital sales options in addition to traditional or physical stores. Some of the most common ways to sell online are listed below.   Marketplaces: These could be general or specialized by market sector (for example textiles, or electronics). General marketplaces are suitable to sell products or services with mass appeal when branding is not a business priority. In contrast, specialized marketplaces enable businesses to position their brands, find market niches, and offer customized value propositions to clients. Listing websites: These are useful for MSMEs with business models that focus on buying and re-selling common items. They are also appealing for businesses that sell by offering competitive prices or promoting additional features of goods and services advertised on the web. Social media: Social media platforms enable businesses to create customized webpages linked to online e-commerce sites and marketplaces with mass reach. Your own online webshop: Building and maintaining your own online shop can be effective, you can engage a commercial company /website builder to do this for you. This is the quickest, easiest route to creating a sleek, professional online presence for your ecommerce business. Many companies also offer competitively priced template sites that you customize. Or, if you have the knowledge and skill, you can code your own.    What should I consider before selling online?    A starting point is to plan a sound e-commerce sales strategy and get customer feedback on products and services. Either through social media or direct contact channels, you can reach out directly to potential customers to understand their needs and find target markets domestically and/or internationally. Understanding your customer base can help you customize products and services and identify market entry options. Other things to consider include payment methods, as well as the shipping and returns policies that may be best suited for your customers. These may vary depending on the market. You should also research market access requirements that may affect your products and services(see the Trade4MSMEs guides on services export potential and services contact points)Services Contact Points have more information. Many businesses can benefit from online communities and training courses about online sales methods and e-commerce strategies.   Links to Supporting Information   WTO (World Trade Organization) regional initiatives on e-commerce  WTO | Electronic commerce   UNCTAD Global E-Commerce Jumps to $26.7 Trillion, Covid-19 Boosts Online Retail Sales | UNCTAD   Statista  Global retail e-commerce sales 2026 | Statista   International Trade Centre (ITC)  ecomConnect:   ecomConnect | E-commerce Community Engagement Platform for Everyone   Is an e-commerce online community   Trade4MSME Guide  Export Potential Guide   Trade4MSME guide Services Contact Points   ITC Online training courses  ITC SME Trade Academy – Catalogue (intracen.org)   ITC ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Introduction to E-commerce (intracen.org)   ITC ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Using Virtual Marketplaces for your E-commerce Initiative (intracen.org)   ITC ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Creating Quality E-commerce Content (intracen.org)   ITC ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of E-Commerce for your B2B Business (intracen.org)   Google Free Online Marketing & Career Courses – Google Digital Garage – Google Digital Garage (learndigital.withgoogle.com)   Google Skillshop tutorials on using Google Ads Google Ads : Google (exceedlms.com) and Get a business online – Google Digital Garage (learndigital.withgoogle.com)   PayPal How to Sell Internationally | PayPal US

Assessing E-Commerce Readiness

How can an e-commerce readiness assessment support my business?    Selling online has advantages over selling in traditional shops and stores. Businesses can reach customers worldwide and enter new markets quickly and easily. Geography no longer creates the same physical barriers to trade. It is always best to check that you have everything in place before you start. An E-commerce readiness assessment can help you evaluate what stage you are at.   What is an e-commerce readiness assessment?    An E-commerce readiness assessment is the starting point to help any businesses understand what is needed to design an online sales strategy. An e-commerce readiness assessment is a tool that evaluates the capabilities needed to set up and run a successful online business. It will help you evaluate strengths, as well as identifying areas that need improving. It shows that by investing in market research, online payment systems, developing good fulfillment and logistics, and creating great customer service experiences, will help build a more successful business.   What is the structure of an e-commerce readiness assessment?    The International Trade Centre ITC has developed a quick and easy short quiz to check your businesses readiness to start online sales. It will look at the following five sections: E-commerce planning: This involves getting you to think about your product and services value proposition, ask yourself why customers should buy your products. It gets you to think about your ideal target customers.  Confirm if your products or services comply with regulations in your target markets. Online presence: This involves identifying whether you are going to run your own e-commerce website, or if you will list products and services in marketplaces. Digital marketing: This involves looking at the extent to which businesses use digital marketing to promote their online sales and monitor digital goals and key performance indicators (KPIs). Shipping and inventory: This involves checking that your inventory, fulfillment and shipping options meet the expectations of your customers. Confirming that you can manage the customs import duties, taxes and other charges needed is essential. Customer service: This involves understanding what good customer service is and that your business is supplying the right information about products and services. Coupled with the ability to communicate, interact and build trusted relationships with your customers and clients, will ensure your business will thrive.   Links to Supporting Information   ITC International Trade Centre  ITC ecomConnect – Readiness  an e-commerce readiness assessment quiz   ITC International Trade Centre  How to Start Your First E-commerce Business | ecomConnect   ITC  ITC ecomConnect – Calculator  & Video tutorials from ecomConnect   Strive Community’s Ecommerce Training Toolkit ecomConnect   IOE&IT Export essentials: How to make the most of ecommerce platforms – The Institute of Export and International Trade

Digital Tools and Approaches

How can technology help my business trade?    Businesses that adopt new technologies are better positioned to seize opportunities in global marketplaces. Understanding consumer and business trends will also help you develop and sell the right products and services. New technology can help build more resilient and more efficient businesses, that can scale-up quickly. The adoption and use of mobile devices, social media, and cloud computing can reduce up-front investment costs and improve business management and marketing to reach customers worldwide. New technologies can also help your business trade by outsourcing services and building partnerships in supply chains essential for entering new markets.   What new technologies and digital tools can I consider for my business?    Some examples of new technologies that can help your business become more competitive in global markets include: 3D printing: If your business is in the manufacturing industry, using a 3D printer can help you innovate and develop new products quickly to satisfy your customer’s needs. 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing andconsists of making three-dimensional solid objects from layering materials like plastics, composites, or biomaterials. Cloud computing: Is a centralized location on the internet that stores data and information. Cloud computing uses a network of remote servers hosted on the internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than using a local server or personal computers. This can save businesses the cost of installing hardware and software, it can increase productivity and performance. Cloud computing also allows companies to easily set up e-commerce shops. Digital platforms: These platforms are online infrastructures and networks that facilitate commercial interactions between suppliers and consumers. Some examples include e-commerce and social media websites that you can use to advertise your products and services, promote additional features, and offer payment options (see the Trade4MSMEs guide on selling abroad online). Electronic payments: E-payments are payments for goods and services that users make electronically through digital platforms. E-payments can help your business to trade overseas because they save costs, provide security, and are convenient for collecting money transfers from customers. Social media: This consists of websites and applications that facilitate information and content sharing. Some of the well-known social media apps are Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok. Your business can use social media tools to create customized webpages for reaching out to customers through online e-commerce sites and marketplaces. Other technologies: Blockchain/distributed ledger technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) are other technologies that can offer opportunities for your business to grow and expand into global markets. How can I learn more about useful technologies for my business?    The SME Trade Academy is the online learning platform of the International Trade Centre, a joint agency of the United Nations and the World Trade Organization. With over 200 online courses on trade and trade-related topics, specifically tailored for learners in developing and least-developed countries. Courses that can help you learn more about new ways of doing business and trade through new technologies.   Links to Supporting Information   ITCs (International Trade Centre) SME Trade Academy ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Introduction to E-commerce  Course on introduction to e-commerce: This course showcases business opportunities in e-commerce and strategies for developing online sales channels.   ITCs SME Trade Academy ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Introduction to Supply Chain Management Course on Supply chain management : This course introduces methods that help businesses design a digital transformation roadmap.   ITCs SME Trade Academy ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Innovating for Success: A Guide for Entrepreneurs  Course on innovation for entrepreneurs: This course teaches entrepreneurs and business owners about the most relevant aspects of innovation and digital technologies.   ITCs SME Trade Academy  ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Introduction to Blockchain for Trade  Course on introduction to blockchain for trade: This course explains the role of blockchain in doing business through international trade.   ITCs SME Trade Academy ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Export Finance and Payments (intracen.org)Course on Export Finance and payments    What other resources should I look at?    Microsoft What Is Cloud Computing? A Beginner’s Guide | Microsoft Azure  What is cloud Computing.   Trade4MSME guide  Selling Abroad Online   ITC ecomConnect – Calculator  a tool to calculate e-commerce costs amazon Etsy Shopify eBay.   Information Technology & Innovation Foundation ITIF ITIF Technology Explainer: What Are Digital Platforms? | ITIF   UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) Trade Facilitation Implementation Guide United Nations Economic Commission for Europe   ITC SME Academy  ITC SME Trade Academy – Summary of Introduction to Blockchain for Trade   ITC ecomConnect  African Marketplace Explorer | ecomConnect African Market Place explorer   ITC  Latin America and the Caribbean Marketplace Explorer | ITC Latin American and the Caribbean Marketplace Explorer   ITC Living with the Genie Artificial Intelligence in Content Creation for Small Businesses in Trade   Google  Google Digital Academy and Analytics Academy (google.com) and   Understand the basics of machine learning – Google Digital Workshop   The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Training overview | ITU Academy

Standards for cross-border paperless trade

The Importance of Cybersecurity

What is cybersecurity?    Introducing Cybersecurity into your organization is a way individuals and businesses reduce the risk of cyber-attacks. It is also known as information technology security or electronic information security. Using technology and digital platforms for commercial activities exposes companies to cybercrime like phishing, malware, or data and identity theft. Cybersecurity embodies a set of systems, processes, and actions and its core function is to protect businesses from digital attacks. We all use smartphones, laptops, tablets and computers, and we access multiple services online at home and at work and we need to protect them from theft or damage. To reduce these cyber threats, learn more about how to protect your organization’s data, assets, networks, programs and your reputation from digital attacks. Introducing cybersecurity can protect your data and systems.   Why does cyber security matter for my business?    We all live in an increasingly interconnected world, and this has had many positive effects enabling businesses to collect and share more information, reach new customers and innovate. It has also though, led to a rise of criminal activities that profit from stealing customer data and spying on business practices. Small businesses can often be victims of cyber-attacks, putting their assets, data, information, and technology equipment at risk. Investing in sound cybersecurity systems can prevent you from suffering financial losses and corporate reputation damage.   How cyber threats could affect business?   Some examples of cyber threats that may affect your business. Phishing: This is a social engineering tactic that lures individuals into providing sensitive data by offering fake rewards. Through this tactic, criminals often target personally identifiable information, banking and credit card details, and passwords. Malware: This consists of malicious software that comes from website downloads, spam emails, and connection to other machines or devices. Hackers use malware to gain access to networks and steal or destroy data on computers. Ransomware: This is a form of malware that encrypts business files, making them no longer accessible. Criminals use it to demand a ransom in exchange for unlocking the data targeted. Weak passwords: Passwords are weak when humans or machines can easily identify them. Criminals that correctly identify passwords have easy access to business accounts that store confidential and sensitive data. Insider threats: These threats are performed by current or former employees, business contractors or other associates who seek to access critical business data for illicit purposes. How can I protect my business against cyber risks?    Protecting your business from cyber risks can enable you to counteract criminal activity and keep pace with emerging trends in data privacy. You can start planning cybersecurity strategies by identifying systems, data, and users that are essential for your business operations. This mapping exercise will highlight vulnerability points that can be the subject of your cybersecurity goals and strategies, as well as help you to develop a cybersecurity plan at your business.   Links to Supporting Information   Cyber Research Institute Roadmap A guide to being cyber ready.   Cyber Research Institute  Cyber Readiness Program – Cybersecurity Awareness Workforce Training This program guides SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) to become cyber against cyber threats.   GCA (Global Cyber Alliance) Cybersecurity Training  Small Business    and Know What You Have – GCA Cybersecurity Toolkit | Tools and Resources to Improve Your Cyber Defenses   The Global Cyber Alliance (GCA) offers a cybersecurity toolkit designed for small businesses and online training courses.   US Small Business Administration  Strengthen your cybersecurity   The United Kingdom’s National Cyber Security Centre  and Small & medium sized organisations – NCSC.GOV.UK  provides training and certification.   Government of Canada  Cyber Secure Canada offers an SME-targeted certification scheme.